How to write reflective essay

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Essay Writer Help

Essay Writer Help In this text, weâ€™ll outline a few of the main features of plagiarism and what you need to do when writing an educational paper. Mr. Loller stated he had labored with some schools that have students who have never shown up for class or completed a single project. Contract dishonest is illegal in 17 states, but punishment tends to be light and enforcement rare. Remember, you can't submit a model essay and attempt to pass it off as your own. But you'll be able to study from it, taking note of the language used, the way in which sentences and the argument are crafted, and how the essay flows . You additionally shouldn't write your paper in your first language and run it through translation software (e.g. Google Translate). This is because the phrases that you're acquiring from the interpretation software program program aren't technically your words. In addition to the truth that you shouldn't do that, it also just isn't a very good technique from practical functions. Some universities will let you employ somebody to examine your grammar; others need you to state in your paper that you've got employed the services of a proof-reader. Some universities reserve proofreading for graduate-level work and prohibit undergraduates from utilizing this service â€" others are extra versatile. So, right here, we once more recommend checking the laws of your faculty earlier than asking for someone to make modifications to your paper. In addition, there are other ways to incorporate other individualsâ€™s ideas into your individual work. Three weeks later, you are studying by way of your notes trying to put in writing your assignment. You come throughout the passage and now you incorporate that into your assignmentâ€¦but you donâ€™t reference it. Careful notice taking would have ensured that you just maintained your educational integrity. So whereas plagiarism could be the concern with this strategy, it's typically one that must be averted. As for grammar, the principles seem a bit more unclear. Use our service to order superb custom essays quick and low-cost. It is necessary to recheck it again after ending the essay as a result of making grammar mistakes just isn't acceptable in any essay writings. So, use correct punctuation and spellings and make your reader related with an essay. Make certain youâ€™re crystal clear concerning the basic structure of your essay earlier than you start writing. Translation software is not but at the stage where the sentences come across very coherent; the grammar is often still questionable. Also, when writing a paragraph, the way in which one thing is composed in a second language just isn't the same as the best way it might be in English. Typically, youâ€™re both using direct quotes or you might be paraphrasing. If you are using direct quotes, you want citation marks. You also must know the place the quote has come from â€" just like the page quantity. For example, letâ€™s say you are reading a textbook and you come throughout a passage that you just think is actually important. You then copy down this passage into your notebook. Most essays, regardless of length, follow the same fundamental formulation - you introduce your subject, focus on your findings and research, after which come to a conclusion. Whether you like it or not, essay writing is an element and parcel of finishing a level. Even those who normally excel at written work can find themselves feeling the fear when confronted with the prospect of putting together a prolonged essay or dissertation. With a couple of helpful hints, you may get heading in the right direction to writing a masterpiece. They are favored by teachers and feared by college students in any respect ranges of academia. But writing a great term paper is sort of potential should you plan forward, and follow some important steps. Once you study the steps you need to use them for many writing tasks you will encounter as soon as you permit the classroom and enter the boardroom. Secondly, utilizing a professionally written mannequin essay as inspiration for your own writing can be extremely useful. Our Quality Control Department makes certain we ship only good papers without plagiarism and writing errors. Without any hidden fees or extra costs, every UK student should have the ability to afford a finely-written essay.

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Tuesday, June 2, 2020

Court considerations of tortious distributive justice - Free Essay Example

Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"It is inappropriate for courts to seek to take account of considerations of distributive justice in their decisions in tort such factors are ones for the legislature alone.Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Critically evaluate this statement. In order to evaluate whether or not it is appropriate for the courts to take account of considerations of distributive justice in tort, the meaning of distributive justice in this context must be considered. According to AristotleÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s classic definition, distributive justice is a mechanism by which benefits and burdens among the members of a relevant group in proportion to some criterion are distributed.[1] By way of example, a criterion for distribution which is commonly considered is equality; which involves an attempt to decrease the gaps between the Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"havesÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the disadvantaged. Often when the term distributive justice is brought up, issues concerning tort lawÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impact on the distribution of resources across the wider population spring to mind. This reflects the distributive justice theory propounded by Perry[2] in which he states the point of distributive justice is understood to be the just distribution of material resources throughout society as a whole. PerryÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of distributive justice consists of a pattern of entitlements to material resources existing independently of tort law, and of tort law as a set of obligations not to disturb that pattern. Cane[3] draws an important distinction between distributive justice all things considered, otherwise known as global distributive justice, and the distributive justice that is confined to tort law. Because of its corrective-justice structure, tort law may be considered distributively unfair in the global sense even if the way it distributes rights and obligations is considered fair as between doers and sufferers of harm. As a matter of fact, one of the most common criticisms of tort law is precisely that it distributes justice unfairly because it oper ates pair-wise or under a Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"correlativity,Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ it often doesnÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t take into account wider distributive context of society. [4] Under CaneÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach, tort law itself consists of rules and principles of personal responsibility for harm that establish a pattern of distribution of risks of harm and obligations of repair within society. The subject matter of the relevant principles of distribution under the approach are risks of harm and obligations of reparation and correlative entitlements, not Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"material resourcesÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[5] It is widely held that any sound explanation of tort law must, whatever other considerations it may invoke, invoke considerations of corrective justice.[6] Corrective justice is the idea that liability rectifies the injustice inflicted by one person on another. It focuses on a quantity that represents what rightfully belongs to one party but is now wrongly possessed by anothe r party and therefore must be returned to its rightful owner. In distributive justice, by contrast, the parties interact not directly but through the medium of a distributive scheme. Instead of linking solely the specific tortfeasor to the victim, distributive justice links all possible tortfeasors or victims in the same group to the benefit or the burden that they jointly share.[7] By way of example, the legal regime of personal injuries can be organized either correctively or distributively. Correctively a tort is committed by one party against another and the subsequent payment of damages from the first party to the second will restore the equality disturbed by the initial wrong. Distributively, the same incident activates a compensation scheme that shifts resources among members of a pool of contributors and recipients in accordance with a distributive criterion. The difference between corrective and distributive justice lies not in the different subject matters to which they apply, but in the way that they each operate differently on a subject matter to both. One argument against courts taking into consideration distributive justice in their decisions is the view that distributive and corrective justice considerations are incompatible and that when a corrective justification is mixed with a distributive one, each unavoidably undermines the justificatory force of the other. This is a view advocated by Weinrib[8] who argues that corrective and distributive justice are categorically different. He argues that if the law is to be coherent, any given relationship cannot rest on a combination of both corrective and distributive justifications. He claims that corrective justice is the backbone of the private law relationship and there can be no combining of distributive and corrective considerations. He rejects distributive considerations as being Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"alienÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to tort law interpreted as a coherent normative practice.[9] Many sch olars however dispute WeinribÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim that distributive and corrective justice considerations are categorically different. Gardner[10] for example contends the opposed view that certain questions of distributive justice are central to the law of torts and must be faced by those who administer and develop it, namely the judiciary, precisely because the law of torts is a site of corrective justice. His view is that corrective justice specifies the structure of tort law as a system of correlative rights and obligations of recompensation between doers and sufferers of harm and that principles of distributive justice operate within this structure by specifying what these rights and obligations are. This theory results in a sense in which distributive justice is parasitic on corrective justice. A thesis which is supported by Cane[11], who states that corrective justice provides the structure of tort law within which distributive justice operates. The fact that many schola rs believe that corrective and distributive justice can work together coherently, disproves the argument put forth by Weinrib that distributive justice should not be considered in the courts, as it undermines essential corrective justice considerations. Moreover, it has been shown that distributive justice can be used as a constraint on corrective justice. In White[12], Lord Hoffman said that it would offend the ordinary persons notion of distributive justice if police officers who suffered psychiatric harm as a result of witnessing the events at the stadium were allowed to recover when many relatives had been sent away empty-handed. He contrasted the perspective of distributive justice with that of principle. From the perspective of principle (or corrective justice), the question of whether the officers should recover would have been answered by considering solely the relationship between them and the defendants, ignoring their position in relation to other groups of victims. In Lord Hoffmans view, if the court was to take into account only corrective justice considerations the result would have been that the officers would be allowed to recover. The reason he rejected this result was that the relatives had not been allowed to recover in Alcock[13]. To allow the police officers to recover when the relatives had been sent away empty-handed would have generated an unacceptable distribution of the risks and costs of negligence as between different classes of victims and injurers. So he used distributive justice consideration as a constraint on corrective justice to prevent this unfavourable outcome. The introduction of loss-spreading into tort law also demonstrates a blurring of the lines between corrective and distributive justice. The principle that accident losses should be distributed so as to minimize their felt impact has the proportional structure of distributive justice as it mandates the sharing of burdens in accordance with a criterion. Although it can and is argued by Weinrib that its use in tort law, fails to achieve distributive justice, because continuing the proportion by applying the principle to everyone within its reach is inconsistent with its being channelled through the doer and sufferer of a single harm. Conversely, since the issue of how the loss is ultimately spread is not relevant to the relationship of doing and suffering as such, in fact the best medium for loss-spreading might be some third party, the orienting of tort law toward loss-spreading cannot be portrayed as purely corrective justice consideration either. The combination of elements from both forms of justice ensures that neither form is achieved. Another somewhat more substantial argument against courts seeking to take account of considerations of distributive justice in tort, is that distributive decisions are often considered political by nature and therefore as a matter of course should not be undertaken by the judiciary. Weinrib argues that favouring a certain distributive consideration amongst several alternatives, requires the consideration of a collective goal which is external to the structure of corrective justice, and as such is political and thus falls outside the judicial scope.[14] Thus making distributive issues Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"illegitimateÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for consideration by the judiciary under the law of torts. A view which is supported by Schwartz. [15] The illegitimacy charge is based on an assumption that from a procedural justice perspective the idea that judges determining issues of resource distribution is problematic, since judges are not elected and their decisions do not necessarily reflect the preference of the voting public. He points to two features of the judicial process that make it unsuitable for resolving political issues of distribution. First, courts do not have the capacity to consider the full range of possible distributions, partly because their consideration of distributi ve issues is inevitably related to the resolution of disputes between two parties; judges therefore cannot make distributive decisions which affect whole categories of potential doers and suffers of harm. He argues that because the rules and principles of tort law organise the world in terms of bilateral relationships between pairs of tortfeasors and victims, it is implausible to explain it as a distributive mechanism. It might be thought from this, that distributive queries can only properly be considered by legislators and not judges and that judges in tort cases should only do justice between the parties. But where the rule of law prevails, doing justice between the parties must necessitate consideration of whether the plaintiff belongs to a class of people who should enjoy a right to proceed in tort against the defendant. Under the rule of law judges must not separate the rule from the ruling, either by declaring what the rule is or will henceforth be while declining to apply it to the case in hand, or by denying that there is a rule. Therefore it follows that no judge may rule in favour of any plaintiff except by placing the plaintiff within a class of imaginable plaintiffs who would, according to the judge, be entitled to the same ruling. So when courts recognize new causes of action in tort, or extend existing causes of action, they are distributing legal rights and duties to new classes of potential plaintiffs and potential defendants whether intentionally or not. Secondly, he submits that because distributive justice decisions can have far reaching implications affecting the interest of all members of the community, these sort of decisions should be made by the legislature who, unlike judges, are accountable to the community.[16] In other words, any specific distributive decisions should be made solely by elected institutions since it affects the interests of many individuals. It is his view that judges, who are not elected and who are instituti onally constrained by the limitations of the judicial process, do not have the authority to select a certain distribution among possible distributions. These arguments are not without merit. Courts themselves recognise their limitations in considering issues of social policy, and sometimes use this as a justification for refusing to make a particular distributive choice in a particular way.[17] However, as Keren-Paz[18] points out, a decision not to Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"interveneÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can have equally politically value-laden implications. Typically the refusal to make a distributive choice is in itself a distributive choice, which takes sides in the struggle between different groups in society and is heavily biased in favour of status quo and the Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"havesÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ against the disadvantaged. He asserts that a decision to perpetuate the status quo is as political in nature as to a decision to deviate from it.[19] Keren-Paz submits that the only justif ication for judicial deference from distributive decisions is reliant upon the implausible conclusion that the status quo reflects a conscious, informed and legitimate decision by the legislature countering the decision that the court is asked to make, by a litigant striving to achieve social change.[20] This cannot be the case since, as a matter of constitutional law there is no legislation by omission. Also if it were the case then, given the inevitability of some form of distribution resulting from court-made rules, it might be taken that courts be prevented from developing new tort rules at all as there is an inevitability of some distributive results of tort law and that the political nature of judicial rule making is inevitable. An example of how in the process of attempting corrective justice between the parties in a tort case, judges may also be attempting distributive justice between classes of parties, is illustrated by the case of Donoghue and Stevenson[21]. The case w hereby the modern concept of negligence was created by setting out general principles whereby one person would owe a duty of care to another person. The decision in this case improved the position of a category of potential victims at the expense of a category of potential tortfeasors, thus clearly having distributive effect. This shows that whenever there is a question before the court of which acts ought to be classed as torts, judges cannot avoid attempting distributive justice. Every decision of the court has clear distributive repercussions yet no one seriously disputes the legitimacy of the courts in dealing with these issues. It is true that judges are not held accountable in the same way that politicians are, although it is not true that judges are unaccountable. For instance, the judicial obligation to give reasons for judgment that can withstand critical scrutiny is an important form of accountability. A clear of advantage of the courts taking into account consideration s of distributive justice whilst crafting tort rules is that it requires an open discussion by judges of the distributive effects of their decisions. Although it is suggested by Mandel[22] that courts are more likely to be conservative and that they tend to impede rather than further an egalitarian agenda, it is countered by Keren-Paz[23] that no matter what the judgesÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ real inclinations are, conservative or not, if the consideration of distributive goals is required then judges are more likely to produce progressive results than regressive ones given the costs of being seen to endorse explicit inegalitarian views. It is my opinion that, requiring judges to take account of distributive justice considerations would improve transparency, as judges would be required to reveal the values that lie behind their decisions and not hide behind the argument that such decisions are outside their purview. However troubling the lack of accountability of the courts may be, it can provide no support for an argument against involvement in redistribution, since preserving the status quo is as political as engaging in progressive redistribution. Although I firmly believe otherwise, even if it were true that the lack of accountability of the courts presents a real challenge to their legitimacy in pursing distributive goals, the ability of the legislature to react to courtsÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rulings by amending or complementing them should provide an adequate response to this concern. In conclusion I do not believe it inappropriate for courts to seek to take account of considerations of distributive justice in their decisions in tort. I believe that taking into consideration the distributive justice effects of court rulings would in fact have positive effects as it would encourage judges to consider the distributive implications that will be inevitably caused by any formation of new tort rules. Also as demonstrated in White distributive justice consideratio ns can be used as checks on decisions that if considered under a purely corrective justice approach may have negative effects for substantive justice. Although the judiciary are not held to the same standards of accountability of the legislature, there are still sufficient restrictions in place to hold the judiciary accountable for decisions made with distributive considerations in mind with the security that the legislature can always overrule court rulings if deemed necessary. Bibliography A Schwartz (cited T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007)) Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (2000) (Ethics) Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 E Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (2013) J Gardner, What is Tort Law for? Part 1: The Place of Corrective Justice (2010) J Gardner, What is Tort Law For? Part 2. The Place of Distributive Justice (2013) M Mandel (cited T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007)) P Cane, Distributive Justice and Tort Law (2001) S Perry, Tort Law in Patterson (ed) A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory (1996) T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007) White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1998] 3 WLR 1509 [1] Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (2000) (Ethics) 85. [2] S Perry, Tort Law in Patterson (ed) A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory (1996) 333, 71-72. [3] P Cane, Distributive Justice and Tort Law, [4] J Gardner, What is Tort Law For? Part 2. The Place of Distributive Justice (2013) [5] P Cane supra note 3 [6] J Gardner, What is Tort Law for? Part 1: The Place of Corrective Justice (2010) [7] T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007) [8] E Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (2013) [9] ibid [10] J Gardner, supra note 4 [11] P Cane supra note 3 [12] White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1998] 3 WLR 1509 [13] Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310 [14] E Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (2013) [15] A Schwartz (cited T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007)) [16] E Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (2013) [17] T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007) [18] ibid [19] ibid [20] ibid [21] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [22] M Mandel (cited T Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism and Distributive Justice (2007)) [23] T Keren-Paz, supra note 8

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Audio Assets Definition - 1490 Words

What are Assets? Ã¢â‚¬Å"Assets are sometimes defined as resources or things of value that are owned by a company.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (1) Audio Audio is sound that is within the acoustic range which is available to humans. An Audio Frequency (AF) is an electrical alternating current within the 20 to 20,000 hertz (cycles per second) range which can be used to produce acoustic sound. In computers, audio is the sound system that comes with or can be added to a computer. An audio card contains a special built-in processor and memory for processing audio files and sending them to speakers in the computer. Audio files are records of sound that has been captured and can be played back. Sound is a succession of naturally analog signals which are converted to digitalÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦There is also no compression involved. The digital recording is a close-to-exact representation of the analog sound. PCM is most commonly used in CDÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s and DVDÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s. It has a subtype called Linear Pulse-Code Modulation, where samples are taken at linear intervals. LCPM is the most common form of PCM, which is why the two terms are almost interchangeable. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ WAV WAV is also known as Waveform Audio File Format. It was developed by Microsoft and IBM back in 1991. Lots of people seem to assume that WAV files are uncompressed audio files, but thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s not always true. WAV is actually just a Windows container for audio formats. This means that a WAV file can contain compressed audio, but itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s not usually used for that. A lot of WAV files contain uncompressed audio in PCM format. The WAV file is just a Ã¢â‚¬Å"wrapperÃ¢â‚¬ for the PCM encoding, which therefore makes it a lot more suitable for use on Windows systems. However, Mac systems can usually open WAV files without any issues. Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ AIFF AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format. Alike Microsoft and IBM developed WAV for Windows; AIFF is a format that was developed by Apple specifically for Mac systems back in 1988. Also similar to WAV files, AIFF files can also contain multiple kinds of audio. For example, there is a compressed version called AIFF-C and another version called Apple Loops which is used byShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Multimedia Data Mining1282 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesand then summarizing tall the audio, video or audiovisual information that is captured from a particular area such as battlefields, retail stores, theaters, malls, shopping complex, parking lots, workshops, offices, homes etc. Usually Surveillance is associated with intelligence, security and law enforcement whose major use is in the military, police and also a few private companies that provide security services. 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Ed Dumbill (2012) claims the input data is collected through systems such as Ã¢â‚¬Å"chatter from social networks, web server logs, traffic flow sensors, satellite imagery, broadcast audio streams, banking transactions, MP3s of rock music, the content of web pages, scans of government documents, GPS trails, telemetry from automobiles, financial market data, the list goes onÃ¢â‚¬ . The data is then stored within large data systems that areRead MoreWhy I Think Some Six Topics Are Most Important For Supertraining It1651 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesbe on top of their game in regards to emerging technologies. Emerging technologies like cloud computing ,utility computing ,visualization , software as a service and also mobile computing have been used by different companies to expand technology assets simply and easily ( Module 2 ,Notes) Further to the task companies are now using big data to analyze trends, reveal patterns in regards to human behaviors. Use of big data can be awfully useful to a company like SuperTraining IT because that willRead MoreThe Banking Sector1658 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagestables and a bank DEFINITION Desedese definition of a bank varies. Under English common law (English common section), bank on the business of a person who is a banker (banker), which is specified as follows: [4] Conducting current accounts for his customers Paying checks drawn on him, and Collecting checks for his customers money. Banker individuals, the congregation / group, which may not be the banker is a corporation, it is the business of banking . Although this definition seems circular, butRead MoreExplain Different Types of Business Information, Their Sources and Purposes1711 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesalways possible for Drayton Manor to meet in person because with the constraints of time and budgets in business. Written information Writing is the use of physical symbols to represent words. Words are the sounds that make up speech. This definition can be broadened to include other forms of physical representation, such as diagrams, graphs and charts. Written communication is when sending documents, such as email or business letter to an individual. The advantage of using written informationRead MoreInformation Technology : One Of The Information System In Bangladesh999 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesDVD containing books, videos and audios in its database (Library I North South University n.d.). To make the library fully automated, RFID system is a must. By using RFID system, the user can issue and return books using self-check and book-drop. The authority of the company can track books and other inventories by using RFID. The report will focus on the use of RFID technology in NSU Library and its impact on the library management. 2.0 RFID Technology Definition 1. Radio Frequency IdentificationRead MoreOrganizational And Hr Management: Best Buy Case Study Essay1406 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesDick Schulze, Founder and Chairman, Brad Anderson, Vice Chairman and CEO, Al Lenzmeier, President and COO, and Darren Jackson, Executive Vice President of Finance and CFO. Chairman Dick Schulze founded Best Buy in 1966 with the Sound of Music, an audio component systems store in St. Paul, Minn. In 1973, Vice Chairman and CEO Brad Anderson joined Sound of Music as a salesperson. The company quickly expanded into video products and computers, was renamed Best Buy in 1983, and became a public companyRead MoreWhat Is Intellectual Property?1338 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagessymbols, artwork, writings, and other creations. It also refers to digital media, such as audio and video clips that can be accessible and downloaded online. (Funston A, 2014) Protecting and managing the IP assets is critical when establishing a product or service in the market and is often the difference between a successful or failing business. The following list identifies IP and other intangible assets that may be associated with a business: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Patents and trade marks Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Domain names Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ CopyrightRead MoreThe Evolution Of Information Management Systems1147 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesscience. Traditionally any information management system has been defined as the collection and management of information from one or more sources and information dissemination to relevant stakeholders. However, the message that is missing in this definition is that Ã¢â‚¬Ëœthe quality of information system determines the outcome of the information even before data collectionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. A poor information system would drive employees to take decisions and form opinions based on assumptions rather than substance. There

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Hemolysis Lab free essay sample

Organisms also have white blood cells, also referred to as leukocytes, which combat foreign antibodies in the immune system. White blood cells are complex in structure, and in contrast to red blood cells, have a nucleus. They include such cells as lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils. While some cells such as lymphocytes make antibodies, others attack foreign objects, such as leukocytes, and others have several support jobs that help the immune system perform more efficiently. The immune system also consists of platelets. They are produced in the bone marrow of animals by megakaryocytes (bone marrow cells) which continuously go into the blood system and help clot blood (Barrilleaux 2012). Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer, making them hydrophobic. Membranes have many functions, most importantly holding the cytoplasm and organelles. Cell membranes often contain protein channels that allow substances to enter the cell (Bowe et al. , 1997). Cell membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that some substances and chemicals can enter the cell, but not others. Most often, hydrophobicity and size determines permeability rates (Barrilleaux 2012). If too much of a substance rushes into the cell, then they create an osmotic imbalance, meaning that the pressure inside the cell compared to outside the cell differs so much that the cell membrane bursts. This process is called hemolysis (Ivanov 1999). Hemolysis is the process in which red blood cells are disrupted. The cells then release their cytoplasm and organelles. Since the cells are microscopic, we cannot view one cell undergoing hemolysis by the naked eye, however we can view a solution of them undergoing hemolysis without any specific equipment. However you can also view a specific number of cells using a phase contrast microscope, which will not only magnify the cells, but also shows depth and contrast (Barrilleaux 2012). We can also measure hemolysis by a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer measures how much light is absorbed by the solution. If a solution is more turbid (cloudy) then it will have a higher absorbance. Throughout this experiment, we wanted to test the membrane permeability of mammalian red blood cells by using hemolysis. We would view it under phase contrast microscopes, spectrophotometers and our eyes. We donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t know what the exact partition coefficients are yet of all the chemicals we will be testing. We will test the membrane permeability of 12 different chemicals, and our hypothesis is that they will differ by their molecular composition, structure, size and whether or not they are ionic. Barrilleaux, A. (2012). Cells and Heredity Laboratory Manual. (pp. 90). New Orleans, LA: Loyola University. Bowe, C. L. , Mokhtarzadeh, L. , Venkatesan, P. , Babu, S. , Axelrod, H. R. , Sofia, M. J. , Karkarla, R. , Chan T. Y. , Kim, J. W. , Lee, H. J. Amidon, G. L. Choe, S. Y. , Walker, S. , Kahne, D. (1997). Design of Compounds that Increase the Absorption of Polar Molecules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 2218-12223. Ivanov, I. T. (1999). Low pH-Induced hemolysis of erythrocytes is related to the entry of the acid into cytosole and oxidative stress on cellular membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1415, 349-360. Ree ce, J. B. , Urry, L. A, Cain, M. L. , Wasserman, S. A. , Minorsky, P. V. , Jackson, R. B. (2011). Membrane Structure and Function. Wilbur, B, (9th ed. ) Campbell Biology (pp. 125-142). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education. Materials and Methods: Spectrophotometry: After setting the Genosys spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of light, we set the wave length to 540 nanometers. We pipetted 1. 2 mL of . 3M glycerol into a cuvette and blanked the machine. We then mixed 3 ml of . 3M glycerol and 10 ul of whole blood [1] in a test tube, covered it with parafilm and then inverted the tube to mix the solution adequately. We then pipetted 1. mL of the blood/glycerol solution into a new cuvette, put it in the spectrophotometer and recorded the absorbance for a time of Ã¢â‚¬ËœzeroÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. We then repeated these steps with . 15M NaCl. We blanked 1. 2 mL of a . 15M solution, and then mixed 3mL of the . 15M solution and 10 ul of horse blood in a test tube. We covered the test tube with parafilm and inverted the mixture, we then pipetted 1. 2 mL of the mixture out and into a new cuvett e. We measured the absorbance for a time of Ã¢â‚¬ËœzeroÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. We then simultaneously measured the absorbance of the glycerol/blood mixture and the NaCl/blood mixture every minute for 30 minutes. Basic Contrast Microscopy: We cleaned two glass slides with alcohol and put them aside. We then combined 1 mL of . 15M NaCl and 10ul of whole horse blood in a microcentrifuge and immediately transferred 10 mL of the mixture to the clean glass slide, added a cover slip, recorded the start time and watched the cells under 400x bright 4field microscopy and recorded what we observed. We then switched to 400x phase contrast microscopy and also recorded what we saw periodically and noted any change. We then repeated the same procedure for . 3M glycerol. We added 1 mL of a . M glycerol solution and 10ul of horse blood into a separate microcentrifuge and instantly pipetted 10 ul of the mixture onto another clean glass slide, covered with a coverslip, recorded the start time and viewed under 400X phase contrast microscopy. We watched the slide for 14 minutes and recorded and drew how many cells were in our viewing area. We stopped recording what we saw when cells were no longer visible. Turbi dty: We predicted which chemicals would take a long time (longer than an hour) to turn clear, so we tested those chemicals first. We put 3mL of each chemical in a separate test tube, mixed it with 10 ul of whole horse blood, and documented how much time passed until the mixture turned clear. We then rated it on our own scale of one through five of how turbid it was at time zero. We started with putting NaCl in a test tube and then KCl in another test tube, and then so on ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, sodium acetate, glucose, sucrose, ethylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol, glycine, and then methanol. After each test tube was labeled with which chemical was inside, we added the horse blood and recorded how long it took the mixture to turn clear. We repeated some of the mixtures, such as ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride because we documented the time incorrectly. We then put the chemicals on a chart in order of how long it took (in minutes) for the turbid mixtures to clear up. Results: Hemolysis: Spectrophotometry: In our results of our spectrophotometry, we recorded the absorbance of each mixture and discovered that our . 3M Glycerol and blood mixture level of absorption initially increased insignificantly and then flattened out for the duration of the experiment at . 355 nanometers. Simultaneously, we recorded the NaCl/blood mixture and it decreased extremely gradually, with the exception of one discrepancy in the middle of the experiment (Figure 1). Phase Contrast: We observed roughly 100 red blood cells using 400X bright field microscopy at the commencement of our experiment for . 15M NaCl/whole blood (Figure 2). We then viewed the red blood cell/NaCl mixture using 400X phase contrast and viewed the same amount of cells, except this time they were mainly small black dots clustered around each other (Figure 3). We witched from using the bright field microscopy to phase contrast microscopy because phase contrast shows depth and has a clearer picture. We then did the same procedure with a . 3M glycerol/blood solution. The start time was 4:45. We observed the first slide using 400X phase contrast microscopy. The start image and it indicates that there were roughly 100 cells (Figure 4). Figure 5 shows what was happening at 4:50; there were roughly 50 cells left and the ghosts of the cells were clearly visible. Figure 6 shows at 4:51 that approximately 30 cells were left, and they were disappearing at an extremely quickly. Figure 7 shows that at 4:55 10 cells were left. Almost all the cells were gone. Figure 8 shows that all the cells have disappeared and only ghosts were left at 4:59 P. M. After the experiment was concluded, figure 9 compared the number of red blood cell mixtures over time. Also, if this experiment was done again, and water was substituted for . 15M NaCl, then the red blood cell would swell and burst because the water is a hypotonic solution compared to the red blood cell. Membrane Permeability: Turbidity: Some chemicals, such as ethylene glycol, glycerol and methanol changed instantaneously from turbid to clear. Others such as NaCl, KCl, sodium acetate, glucose, sucrose and glycine did not change from turbid. Table 10 shows that chemicals reacted differently with the 10 ul horse blood in both how turbid it was at the start of the experiment, and how long it took each chemical to turn completely clear. Figure 11 demonstrates the relationship of time-to-turbidity loss (based on our relative scale of 1-4 we determined at the beginning of each chemical experiment) to each chemical that did change turbidity. Discussion: During this experiment, we fulfilled the objectives in which we wanted to test membrane permeability and test chemicals and whether or not they cause hemolysis. We discovered that NaCl, KCl, sodium acetate, glucose, sucrose and glycine do not cause hemolysis because they are not hypotonic solutions; however, ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ethylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol and methanol are hypotonic solutions. In which case the red blood cell has lower pressure than the outside of the red blood cell, so the solution rushes in causes the red blood cell to lose its cytoplasmic inside. Some chemicals and solutions cause hemolysis quicker because they are much smaller in atomic size and mass compared to large molecules that cannot permeate the red blood cell membrane as easily, which slows down hemolysis (Bowe et al. , 1997). Our control (. 15M NaCl) are consistent throughout our experiment. They didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t cause hemolysis in the spectrophotometer, phase contrast, and with the test tubes. With every one of our other chemicals, we could use NaCl as baseline to refer to, and to see whether or not that chemical was causing hemolysis or if it was an isotonic solution. There were a few issues in the data gathering category; we had to repeat the turbidity test tube experiment for two chemicals because we marked down the wrong start time. We also had trouble viewing . 3M glucose and blood solution under phase contrast, because our microscope was not set up correctly initially, so we had to keep adjusting. We had to gather the data from another group. Every method we used to view hemolysis, whether it be the spectrophotometer, microscope, or our eyes, each had its benefits and downfalls. The spectrophotometer allowed for absorption to be measured better than our eyes and microscope. However, we couldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t actually see it unless we took the cuvette out of the spectrophotometer. Our eyes were a good way to actually view turbidity without an additional object. It was helpful to actually see the experiment going on in front of you, it allows an additional perspective of envisioning the experiment later on, because itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s easier to actually think about what is happening in the experiment. The microscopes are the best at actually viewing the hemolysis on an extremely small scale. Overall, it was important to view hemolysis with each data collecting instrument, whether it be the spectrophotometer, microscope or eyes. Each had a separate purpose and each came in handy when interpreting the results. It was a great experiment and I thoroughly enjoyed getting Ã¢â‚¬Å"hands onÃ¢â‚¬ training, and also it was vital to view hemolysis and the chemicals that cause hemolysis. Our hypothesis is accepted because the smaller the molecular composition, the quicker the red blood cell membrane was permeated. Also, other scientific articles such as Design Compounds That Increase the Absorption of Polar Molecules and Low pH is Related to the Entry of the Acid Into Cytosole and Oxidative Stress on Cellular Membranes support our hypothesis.